NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION FROM ANCIENT
TO MODERN TIMES
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Context/Setting
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Aims
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Types/Contents
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Agencies/Organization
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Methods
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Ancient to Roman Education
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Primitive Education
(Education by the Nomadic tribes)
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1. Security to stay alive, to
protect oneself and the family from the destructive forces of nature, both
human and divine.
2. Conformity that brought
together the families, clans and tribes so that they could conquer common
danger.
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1. Physical training to enable
to satisfy the need for food and shelter of the people.
2. Spiritual or ceremonial
training which is necessary to deal with unforeseen forces.
3. Social knowledge to learn the
customs, taboos and traditions for harmonious living with others members of
the tribe.
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1. The family accounted for the
education of the young.
2. Women of the tribe taught the
girls the female duties of child-rearing and household management.
3. The men taught the boys
hunting, fishing, fighting, making tools, and weapons and how to propitiate
the gods.
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1. Children learned by
unconscious imitation of the activities of their parents and other elders.
2. The children consciously
observed and later became participants.
3. Children learned by simple
telling and demonstrating how things were done.
4. Children learned by trial and
error.
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Egyptian Education
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1. Cultural which is to preserve
and perpetuate culture.
2. Utilitarian which is to
transfer skills from father to son so that the son could run his daily life.
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1. Domestic training, religious
and vocational-professional types.
2. Vocational training for
women.
3. Tutorial for the daughters of
the elite.
4. Reading and writing were
taught by the scribes to the sons of the elite.
5. Court school was established
for the royal family.
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1. The home provided the basic
education for the child.
2. Household chores, religious
and moral training and reading and writing were taught by the elders and
priests.
3. The temples were the center
for advanced training on mathematics, astronomy, physics, architecture, and
embalming.
4. Parental apprenticeship is
applied to education in medicine, priesthood, and military.
5. The court school taught the
youth the duties of royalty through apprenticeship.
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1. Dictation, memorization and
copying of texts were the chief methods.
2. Imitation and repetitions of
stores, myths and legends.
3. Observation and
participation.
4. Internship or apprenticeship
for vocational education.
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Spartan Education
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1. To develop conformity,
endurance, strength, cunning, and patriotic efficiency.
2. To develop a nation of
unequalled military skill with citizens.
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1. Physical education and
military training essential to a life of devotion and service to the state.
2. Boys were trained to keep
absolute control of their feelings, appetites, habits, and were taught to be
obedient and respectful, modest and reserved.
3. Girls were trained to be
healthy and courageous so that they could bear healthy children, their
greatest contribution to the state.
4. Instruction in music and
dance was physical training to build an attitude for war.
5. Reading and writing were
taught to a very limited extent.
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1. The state was the dominant
educational agency, who controlled the education of individual from birth to
death, who controlled the family of the citizens, including marriage.
2. All children belonged to the
state.
3. The home served as the school
for girls.
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1. Learning was facilitated by
activities, and ceremonies led by elders and military leaders.
2. Discipline was cruel and very
harsh.
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Athenian Education
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1. To develop individual
excellence which meant a full-rounded development of mind and body and public
usefulness, the ability to take active part in the business of state.
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1. Civic training
2. Physical training developed
grace and harmony
3. Moral training emphasized old
virtues
4. Intellectual training needed
for the activities of the assembly and the market place.
5. Music, poetry, and dancing
were taught to develop personality and enable the intellect.
6. As the male person matured,
they acquired military skills.
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1. Education was supervised by
the state.
2. Education was over for most
boys.
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1. Learning by imitation.
2. Readings were memorized.
3. Intensive training in speech
emphasizing grammar, rhetoric, and oratory.
4. Development of reasoning and
critical thinking.
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Roman Education
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1. The development of the vir
bonus – the man possessed of all the virtues essential for the exercises of
his rights and the discharge of his duties and obligations.
2. The development of the good
citizens, the good soldier, the good worker.
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1. Practical trainings for the
affairs of life and moral character.
2. The boys learned the laws,
Roman history, procedure of court and senate, conduct of war, business,
agriculture, sports and the use of weapons.
3. Girls were prepared for
domestic life and religious functions.
4. Every activity of life was
governed by a god and these gods had to be propitiated by sacrifices and
ceremonies.
5. Grammar, literature and
language was the subject in the elementary education.
6. Rhetoric was emphasized in
the higher education.
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1. Education was dominated by
the family.
2. Elementary schools were
focused on reading and writing.
3. The grammar school, a school
teaching the liberal arts.
4. The school of rhetorics,
which boys were prepared for careers as orators.
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1. At the elementary level,
memorizing and imitation were used.
2. in the secondary level, the
exercise in good literary discourse and moral habits.
3. In the rhetorical schools,
declamation was emphasized.
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Medieval Education
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The Early Christian Church
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1. The moral regeneration of the
individual.
2. Training of converts, clergy
and the children.
3. Transformation of the
individual
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1. Moral and religious training
to prepared the child or the convert for baptism.
2. Musical training in relation
to church services.
3. Physical training, art,
literature, science, and rhetoric were eliminated because their origins were
pagans which was full of vices and corruption.
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1. The church was the sole
agency for education.
2. Within the Church,
Catechumenal schools were organized for the instruction of those who desired
to become members of the church. Students of these schools were called
catechumens.
3. Catechetical schools were
established to provided trainings of church leaders.
4. Cathedral Schools, were
organized for theological trainings and higher level of Christian learning
under the direct instructions of the bishop.
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1. Impromptu exposition and
exhortation.
2. Method of example/ learn by
example.
3. Catechetical method or
question and answer method.
4. Graded recitation and
memorization.
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Monastic Education. Developed
in the early part of the middle ages (8th and 19th
century). The monastic groups were interested in social problems – helping
the poor and the sick and preaching to the poor, oppressed, marginalized,
exploited, and deprived.
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1. Salvation of individual souls
2. Produce more leaders of the
church and state
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3. Confined itself to literacy
activities and manual training. Seven hours of manual works and two hours of
reading sacred literature daily.
4. Reading and writing
5. Have seven liberal arts:
grammar, rhetoric, dialectic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music.
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1. Monastic schools under
Charlemagne.
2. Palace schools for the sons
of the nobility.
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1. Question and answer method
2. Dictation and memorization
3. Latin was language of
instruction
4. Great emphasis on meditation
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Scholastic Education. Emerged
in the 11th century as a movement to rationalize the doctrine of
the church.
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To support the doctrines of
the church by rational argument.
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1. Limited to theology and
religious philosophy.
2. A new system of philosophy
about theology.
3. Scholastic realism (headed by
Anselm), believed that ideas or concepts were the only real entities, and
object known through senses were only copies of these ideas.
4. Conceptualism (headed by
Abelard), argued that although a
universal concept had no objective existence, it was an expression of the sum
total of characteristics that a group until it was expressed in the
individual, then it became real
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1. Monastic school and Cathedral
schools for mature students.
2. Medieval university, an
association of teachers and students which was chartered by the pope,
emperor, or king.
3. The university is supervised
by a rector who served as chief executive officer.
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1. Lecture
2. Repetition
3. Disputation
4. Examination
5. Logical analysis
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Chivalric Education
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1. To teach the best ideals of
the nobility.
2. Provide a system of training
to inculcate gallantry toward women, protection of the weak, honesty in
everything, courage at all times
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1. Emphasized military training
and social etiquette
2. Education for those entering
in the aristocracy.
3. Curriculum consisted
physical, social, military and religious activities.
4. Girls were education in
religious faith and ceremonies, dancing and singing, courtesy, handicraft and
management of the household servants
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1. Home was responsible for the
earliest education
2. Lords and ladies of the
castles were the teachers.
3. The field of battle were the
school of education for the boys
4. Courts where the schools for
the girls.
5. Troubadours, ministers,
gazetteers served as agents of education and providers of entertainment.
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1. Imitation
2. Learning by doing
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Saracenic Education (Arab
Education)
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A search for knowledge and an
application of scientific facts to the affairs of daily life
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1. Elementary education taught
reading, writing, arithmetic, religion, grammar and science.
2. Higher level education
consisted algebra, geometry, trignometry, physics, chemistry, geography,
astronomy, anatomy, pharmacy, medicine, surgery, philology, history,
literature, logic, metaphysics and law.
3. Quran was taught at all
levels.
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1. The early caliphs was
responsible in the founding of elementary schools, academies, universities and
library
2. Each mosque established an
elementary school.
3. Rich Muslim are expected to
donate money for education
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1. Scientific method
2. Use of repetition and drills
3. Question and answer methods
4. Memorization and lecture
5. Travel and explanation
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The Renaissance to the Age of
Naturalism in Education
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Individualistic Humanism
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To develop individual
personality to live a full, excellent, and rich existence.
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1. Literary Education, classical
art and literature were taught.
2. Aesthetic Education, art,
music and drama were taught.
3. Physical education, social
training in manners and deportment and moral education.
4. Grammar, rhetoric, and
mathematics were taught.
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1. Court Schools, founded by
nobility for nobility
2. Secondary school; Lycium,
Gymnasium, Latin Grammar School.
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1. Lectures, oral discourse
2. Developing a balance of
mental and physical activity
3. Developing the power to
think.
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Social Humanism
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1. Eliminating the ignorance of
the common people and the hypocrisy of social leaders.
2. To provide democratic type of
education
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1. Stressed religious, moral and
social education
2. Stressed elementary,
secondary, higher education
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1. Court schools
2. Secondary schools
3. French Lyceums
4. German Gymnasiums
5. Universities of Humanistic
Studies
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1. Study the child carefully for
individual instruction
2. Games and exercises
3. Education close in touch with
the social needs and life of the times
4. Values of repetition and
mastery of small units of work
5. Motivation and the use of
praise and rewards
6. Emphasis on gentleness as
opposed to physical punishment
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Reformation
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1. Provide adequate training in
the duties of the home, occupation, church, and state
2. Established the idea that
each head of state or ruler might decide for himself and for his subjects
what the established religion should be .
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1. Stressed the value of work
over play.
2. For elementary schools, the
study the Bible and all skills required to understand it was the basic
subject. Singing, physical education and vocational training.
3. Secondary schools and
university offered history, mathematics, natural science, music, gymnastic,
theology, jurisprudence, literature, culture.
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1. Home is the basic educational
agency.
2. Good home training, parental
discipline and sound family life is the foundations of good government and
social welfare.
3. Both church and schools were
under the state.
4. Schools organized into three
·
Common
vernacular school
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Classical
secondary school
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university
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1. reading, routine
pronunciation of words
2. memorization of answers to
questions
3. religious indoctrination
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Catholic Counter-Reformation
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1. to develop an unquestioning obedience
to the authority of the church
2. To train leaders, teach the
poor.
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1. Religious and moral
education.
2. Domestic and vocational
training
3. Professional education
4. Graduate school of law and
medicine
5. Teacher training or teacher
education
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1. Elementary, secondary and
higher education
2. All levels were
church-supported and church-controlled
3. Jesuits published “Ratio
Studiorum” in 1599, contained the plan form administration of schools, the
program and course of study, selection and training of teachers, methods of
teaching, supervision of instruction and methods of discipline
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For Jesuits
1. Doing a small amount of work
at a time, doing it well, and making sure it is retained
2. Two steps in the teaching
methods, prelection and repetition;
3. Adapting the lesson to the abilities
and interests of children;
4. Participation of pupils by
questions and answers
5. A lot of repetition for
mastery
6. Review
7. Motivation by rivalry and
emulation
For Christian brothers
1. Grade pupils according to
ability
2. Adopt the method in which
pupil recited not to the teacher but to the class
For Jansenites
1. Teaching of the vernacular by
the phonetic method;
2. Nothing is to be memorized
unless understood
3. Use of textbooks
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Literary Realism
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1. Complete knowledge and
understanding of human society
2. The development of whole man
to prepared for actual living
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1. Stressed literary type of
education
2. Learning of the vernacular
before learning another language
3. Physical exercises, games,
sports, Bible Study, intellectual readings of the classics.
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1. Parents are the first teachers
2. Public school masters was
paid from public funds.
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1. Teacher should study each
pupil, work to the abilities and interest of pupils, and asses the pupils’
progress
2. The incidental method of
teaching, all learning is to be made pleasant, facilitated through natural
activities, make use of reference books.
3. Reading is done for content
and not for syntax, use of resource person, discussion and lectures.
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Social Realism
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To prepare the aristocratic
youth for the life of gentlemen in the world of affairs.
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1. Practical Education to
prepare the young people for life
2. Physical education for the
hardening process
3. Moral training for social
customs
4. Intellectual training to
develop judgment and social disposition
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1. Schools with education tour
program
2. Private tutorial system
3. Military academies
4. Private academies
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1. Travel
2. Social contacts
3. Pleasant learning environment
4. Competition
5. Independent thinking
6. Application
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Sense Realism
(Advocated by Richard
Mulcaster, Francis Bacon, Wolfgang Ratke; and John Amos Comenius)
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To develop a harmonious
society, working in accordance with a natural and universal laws
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1. Practical type of education
and scientific training.
2. Democratic education and the
use of the vernacular
3. Education for all
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1. Pre-School in every home
2. Vernacular Elementary School
3. Latin School
4. University
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1. Make use of games, play, and
exercises for learning purposes
2. Inductive method for learning
3. Learning by the senses
4. Learning in the vernacular
5. Appealing to the natural
child’s interests
6. Sesnse, memory, imagination
and understanding should be exercised daily
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Formal Discipline
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1. The formation of character by
providing exercises of mind, of body, and of self-control
2. To increase the powers of the
mind and not to accumulate knowledge
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1. Physical, Moral, and
Intellectual Education
2. Spelling, mathematics, and
grammar taught in the elementary level.
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1. Humanistic and Church Schools
2. Grammar schools of England
3. Gymnasium of Germany
4. Tutorial System
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1. Formal methods of exercises
and drill
2. Sense learning, memorization,
and reasoning
3. Use of praise and censure
4. Corporal punishment in case
of obstinacy.
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Naturalism to the 20th
Century
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Naturalism
(Jean Jacques Rousseau)
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1. To preserve the natural
goodness and virtue of an individual
2. The formation of a society
based upon the recognition of the natural individual rights.
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1. Democratic and universal type
of education
2. Physical education and health
training
3. Moral training through
natural punishment which meant that
learning came as a result of the natural consequences of one’s acts
4. Informal exercises of the sense,
the muscles and the tongue
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1. Home and the duties of
parents
2. Education should follow the
natural stages of development of the child. Infancy, childhood, boyhood and
adolescence.
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Making the child the center
of the education process or Learners-Centred Method of Education
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Nationalism
(An American educational
system)
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To develop responsible
citizenship and national feeling
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1. Creation of common language.
Grammar is the common and leading subject.
2. Stress the teaching of
English to all foreign-born immigrant
3. Physical Education and Health
training
4. Vocational training from
vocationally efficient
5. Teaching history, geography,
and music.
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The public school is the
foremost agency for instruction
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1. Learning by Doing
2. Project Method which gave the
pupil a chance to work on actual practical problems
3. Field trips, displays,
assemblies, and book reports
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Social Traditionalism
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1. To give all students an
insight into their traditions, arousing interests in and sympathy toward
social service, and developing efficiency in adapting the individual to
society.
2. Formation of common habits of
social life and the education of the child away from crimes, and other social
ills.
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1. The lower school levels was
expected to teach essentials of social living and rudiments of etiquette,
drills in arithmetic calculation, oral and written language, hygines, good
manners and art appreciation.
2. The high schools had to give
experience in science and math, language and history emphasizing on the
health, moral conduct, home and leisure and the vocations.
3. In college, work travel and
study.
4. Extra-curricular activities
that provides values of every phases of life. Athletics, dramatics, public
speaking activities, musical activities, and assemblies were all sources of
trainings
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1. Lower Schools
2. High Schools
3. College
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1. Social communication
2. Social cooperation
3. Social science
4. Cooperation rather
competition
5. Student participations in
school activities and school government
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Social Experimentalism
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1. To prepare for a progressive
structuring of social order.
2. To meet the needs of changing
society
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1. Training for intelligence in
all phases of human activity
2. Teaching of controversial
issues
3. The social, economic and
political activities of the local communities were used as materials for
teaching
4. Extra-curricular activities
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1. Public school system is the
only safe agent of education
2. Democratic school methods and
administration prevails
3. The student government,
faculty and parents is involved
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1. Guiding the students to solve
their problems
2. Democratic methods
3. Educational tour of field
trips.
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Reference:
Rosalinda
A. San Mateo and Maura G. Tangco , “Foundations of Education II (Historical,
Philosophical, and Legal Foundations of Education)” .
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